How to Know What Size Ice Skate You Are

Cocky-propulsion of a person over water ice, wearing bladed skates

Outdoor ice skaters in 1925

A postman in Germany during the winter of 1900 (stamp from 1994)

Ice skating is the self-propulsion and gliding of a person across an ice surface, using metal-bladed ice skates. People skate for various reasons, including recreation (fun), exercise, competitive sports, and commuting. Ice skating may be performed on naturally frozen bodies of water, such as ponds, lakes, canals, and rivers; and on human-fabricated water ice surfaces such as ice rinks, ice hockey rinks, and arenas, both indoors and outdoors.

Various formal sports involving skating take emerged since the 19th century. Ice hockey, Bandy, and Ringette are team sports played with, respectively, a flat sliding puck, a ball and a rubber band. Figure skating, speed skating, Ice cross downhill and Barrel jumping are among the sporting disciplines for individuals.

History [edit]

Early history of ice skating [edit]

Skating fun by 17th century Dutch painter Hendrick Avercamp

Research suggests that the earliest ice skating happened in southern Republic of finland more than 4,000 years ago. This was done to salvage free energy during winter journeys. Truthful skating emerged when a steel blade with sharpened edges was used. Skates now cut into the ice instead of gliding on top of information technology. The Dutch added edges to water ice skates in the 13th or 14th century. These ice skates were made of steel, with sharpened edges on the bottom to assist movement.^[1]

The primal construction of modern ice skates has stayed largely the same since then, although differing greatly in the details, specially in the method of binding and the shape and construction of the steel blades. In the netherlands, water ice skating was considered proper for all classes of people, as shown in many pictures from Dutch Gilded Age painters.

Water ice skating was also skilful in China during the Song dynasty, and became popular among the ruling family of the Qing dynasty.^[two]

Rising popularity and offset clubs [edit]

In England "the London boys" had improvised butcher's bones as skates since the 12th century. Skating on metal skates seems to accept arrived in England at the same time as the garden culvert, with the English Restoration in 1660, after the king and court returned from an exile largely spent in the Netherlands. In London the ornamental "canal" in St James'due south Park was the primary centre until the 19th century. Both Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn, the two leading diarists of the day, saw it on the "new canal" there on 1 Dec 1662, the first fourth dimension Pepys had ever seen it ("a very pretty art"). So it was "performed before their Majesties and others, past diverse gentlemen and others, with scheets after the manner of the Hollanders". Two weeks later, on xv December 1662, Pepys accompanied the Duke of York, afterwards Male monarch James Two, on a skating outing: "To the Duke, and followed him in the Park, when, though the ice was cleaved, he would become slide upon his skates, which I did not like; just he slides very well." In 1711 Jonathan Swift still thinks the sport might be unfamiliar to his "Stella", writing to her: "Delicate walking conditions; and the Canal and Rosamund's Pond full of the rabble and with skates, if yous know what that is.^{[3] [4]} The first organised skating club was the Edinburgh Skating Club, formed in the 1740s, (some claim the social club was established as early every bit 1642).^{[5] [half-dozen] [7]}

An early contemporary reference to the order appeared in the 2d edition (1783) of the Encyclopædia Britannica:

The metropolis of Scotland has produced more than instances of elegant skaters than mayhap whatever country whatsoever: and the institution of a skating club about 40 years ago has contributed not a little to the improvement of this elegant amusement.^[5]

Ice skating party in Warsaw in the 1880s

From this clarification and others, it is credible that the form of skating practiced by society members was indeed an early form of figure skating rather than speed skating. For admission to the gild, candidates had to pass a skating test where they performed a complete circle on either foot (e.m., a figure eight), and then jumped over start one hat, then ii and three, placed over each other on the ice.^[5]

On the Continent, participation in ice skating was express to members of the upper classes. Emperor Rudolf II of the Holy Roman Empire enjoyed water ice skating so much, he had a big ice carnival constructed in his court in order to popularise the sport. Rex Louis XVI of French republic brought ice skating to Paris during his reign. Madame de Pompadour, Napoleon I, Napoleon III, and the House of Stuart were, among others, regal and upper-class fans of water ice skating.

The next skating social club to be established was in London and was not founded until 1830.^[five] Members wore a silvery skate hanging from their buttonhole and met on The Serpentine, Hyde Park on 27th December, 1830. ^[eight] Past the mid-19th century, ice skating was a popular pastime among the British upper and middle classes—Queen Victoria became acquainted with her time to come married man, Prince Albert, through a series of ice skating trips.^[9] Albert continued to skate after their union and on falling through the ice was in one case rescued by Victoria and a lady in waiting from a stretch of water in the grounds of Buckingham Palace.^[10]

Early on attempts at the construction of artificial ice rinks were made during the "rink mania" of 1841–44. As the technology for the maintenance of natural ice did non exist, these early rinks used a substitute consisting of a mixture of hog's lard and various salts. An item in the viii May 1844 issue of Littell's 'Living Age' headed the 'Glaciarium' reported that "This establishment, which has been removed to Grafton Street East' Tottenham Court Road, was opened on Monday afternoon. The area of bogus ice is extremely convenient for such equally may be desirous of engaging in the svelte and manly pastime of skating."

Emergence equally a sport [edit]

Skating became popular every bit a recreation, a means of transport and spectator sport in The Fens in England for people from all walks of life. Racing was the preserve of workers, most of them agricultural labourers. It is not known when the starting time skating matches were held, but by the early nineteenth century racing was well established and the results of matches were reported in the press.^[11] Skating as a sport developed on the lakes of Scotland and the canals of kingdom of the netherlands. In the 13th and 14th centuries wood was substituted for bone in skate blades, and in 1572 the first iron skates were manufactured.^[12] When the waters froze, skating matches were held in towns and villages all over the Fens. In these local matches men (or sometimes women or children) would compete for prizes of money, clothing, or food.^[13]

The winners of local matches were invited to have part in the 1000 or championship matches, in which skaters from across the Fens would compete for cash prizes in front of crowds of thousands. The championship matches took the form of a Welsh main or "last man standing" contest (single-elimination tournament). The competitors, 16 or sometimes 32, were paired off in heats and the winner of each rut went through to the adjacent circular. A form of 660 yards was measured out on the ice, and a butt with a flag on it placed at either stop. For a one-and-a-half-mile race the skaters completed ii rounds of the course, with three barrel turns.^[13]

In the Fens, skates were called pattens, fen runners, or Whittlesey runners. The footstock was fabricated of beechwood. A screw at the back was screwed into the heel of the boot, and three small spikes at the front kept the skate steady. There were holes in the footstock for leather straps to fasten it to the foot. The metal blades were slightly higher at the back than the front. In the 1890s, fen skaters started to race in Norwegian manner skates.

On Sat 1 February 1879, a number of professional ice skaters from Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire met in the Guildhall, Cambridge, to set the National Skating Association, the first national ice skating body in the world.^[14] The founding committee consisted of several landowners, a vicar, a fellow of Trinity College, a magistrate, two members of parliament, the mayor of Cambridge, the Lord Lieutenant of Cambridge, journalist James Drake Digby, the president of Cambridge University Skating Society, and Neville Goodman, a graduate of Peterhouse, Cambridge (and son of Potto Chocolate-brown's milling partner, Joseph Goodman).^[xv] The newly formed Clan held their get-go i-and-a-half-mile British professional championship at Thorney in December 1879.

Effigy skating [edit]

The start instructional volume concerning ice skating was published in London in 1772. The book, written by a British artillery lieutenant, Robert Jones, describes basic figure skating forms such equally circles and effigy eights. The book was written solely for men, every bit women did not unremarkably water ice skate in the tardily 18th century. Information technology was with the publication of this transmission that water ice skating split into its two main disciplines, speed skating and figure skating.

The founder of mod figure skating as it is known today was Jackson Haines, an American. He was the beginning skater to comprise ballet and dance movements into his skating, every bit opposed to focusing on tracing patterns on the water ice. Haines likewise invented the sit spin and adult a shorter, curved blade for figure skating that allowed for easier turns. He was besides the first to wear blades that were permanently attached to the kicking.

The International Skating Wedlock was founded in 1892 equally the first international ice skating organisation in Scheveningen, in the Netherlands. The Union created the first codified set of figure skating rules and governed international competition in speed and figure skating. The beginning Championship, known every bit the Title of the Internationale Eislauf-Vereingung, was held in Saint petersburg in 1896. The event had four competitors and was won by Gilbert Fuchs.^[16]

Concrete mechanics of skating [edit]

Republic of finland Ice Marathon, the skating event in Kuopio, Finland, in 2006

A skate tin glide over ice considering there is a layer of ice molecules on the surface that are not as tightly bound as the molecules of the mass of ice below. These molecules are in a semiliquid state, providing lubrication. The molecules in this "quasi-fluid" or "water-similar" layer are less mobile than liquid water, but are much more mobile than the molecules deeper in the ice. At near −157 °C (−250 °F) the slippery layer is one molecule thick; equally the temperature increases the slippery layer becomes thicker.^{[17] [eighteen] [19] [20] [21]}

It had long been believed that ice is slippery because the force per unit area of an object in contact with it causes a thin layer to melt. The hypothesis was that the bract of an ice skate, exerting pressure on the ice, melts a thin layer, providing lubrication between the ice and the blade. This explanation, called "force per unit area melting", originated in the 19th century. (See Regelation.) Force per unit area melting could non account for skating on ice temperatures lower than −3.5 °C, whereas skaters frequently skate on lower-temperature water ice.^[22]

In the 20th century, an culling explanation, called "friction melting", proposed by Lozowski, Szilder, Le Berre, Pomeau, and others showed that because of the gluey frictional heating, a macroscopic layer of cook ice is in-between the ice and the skate. With this they fully explained the low friction with nothing else merely macroscopic physics, whereby the frictional oestrus generated between skate and water ice melts a layer of water ice.^{[23] [24] [25]} This is a self-stabilizing mechanism of skating. If by fluctuation the friction gets high, the layer grows in thickness and lowers the friction, and if information technology gets low, the layer decreases in thickness and increases the friction. The friction generated in the sheared layer of water between skate and water ice grows every bit √5 with V the velocity of the skater, such that for low velocities the friction is too low.

Whatever the origin of the water layer, skating is more destructive than but gliding. A skater leaves a visible trail behind on virgin ice and skating rinks have to be regularly resurfaced to better the skating conditions. It ways that the deformation caused by the skate is plastic rather than rubberband. The skate ploughs through the ice in detail due to the sharp edges. Thus another component has to be added to the friction: the "ploughing friction".^{[25] [26]} The calculated frictions are of the aforementioned lodge as the measured frictions in real skating in a rink.^[27] The ploughing friction decreases with the velocity Five, since the pressure in the water layer increases with V and lifts the skate (aquaplaning). As a event the sum of the water-layer friction and the ploughing friction only increases slightly with Five, making skating at high speeds (>90 km/h) possible.

Inherent safety risks [edit]

Adult and child ice skating

A person's ability to ice skate depends on the roughness of the ice, the design of the ice skate, and the skill and experience of the skater. While serious injury is rare, a number of brusque track speed skaters have been paralysed after a heavy fall when they collided with the boarding. A autumn can be fatal if a helmet is not worn to protect against astringent head injury. Accidents are rare simply there is a risk of injury from collisions, particularly during hockey games or in pair skating.

A significant danger when skating outdoors on a frozen body of water is falling through the ice into the freezing water underneath. Death can event from daze, hypothermia, or drowning. It is oftentimes difficult or impossible for the skater to climb out of the water, due to the weight of their water ice skates and thick winter clothing, and the ice repeatedly breaking as they struggle to get back onto the surface. Also, if the skater becomes disoriented under the water, they might not be able to find the pigsty in the ice through which they have fallen. Although this tin testify fatal, it is also possible for the rapid cooling to produce a condition in which a person can be revived up to hours after falling into the h2o.

Communal activities on water ice [edit]

Ice skaters on the Maumee River in Toledo, Ohio, 1890s

A number of recreational and sporting activities take identify on ice:

• Water ice cricket - a variant of the English game of cricket played in harsh wintry conditions.
• Water ice hockey – fast-paced contact team sport, using a vulcanized rubber puck, ordinarily played on a special ice hockey rink
• Speed skating – competitive form of ice skating in which contenders race over stock-still distances, curt track and long track versions
• Figure skating – winter sport with multiple disciplines: men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, ice dance, and synchronized skating
• Bandy – contact squad sport similar to ice hockey, but using a ball instead of a puck, and played on a large ice field
• Rink swap – a form of bandy that tin can be played on a standard water ice hockey rink
• Ringette – non-contact team sport using a pocket-sized rubber ring instead of a ball or puck
• Bout skating – recreational long-distance skating outdoors on open areas of natural water ice
• Ice cross downhill – competitive extreme sport featuring downhill skating on a walled track
• Barrel jumping – speed skating subject field in which skaters jump over a length of multiple barrels^[28]

Broomball and curling are as well played on ice, but the players are non required to habiliment ice skates.

Gallery [edit]

Pictures [edit]

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Videos [edit]

• Documentary on the World Championship Skating for Women at Helsinki in 1971.

See as well [edit]

• Fen skating
• Ice resurfacer
• Kite ice skating
• Lidwina, patron saint of ice skaters
• Yuri on Ice

References [edit]

1. ^ Brokaw, Irving (1910). The Art of Skating: Its History and Development, with Practical Directions. Letchworth at the Arden Printing & Fetter Lane. p. 12.
2. ^ "'Imperial' ice skating". People's Daily Online. 20 February 2013. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016.
3. ^ Larwood, Jacob, St. James's Park, Vol. ii of The Story of the London Parks, 118-119, 1872, Hotwood, google books. Larwood notes that Rosamund'southward Pond was also in St James'due south Park, run across pp. 85 (map), 87.
4. ^ Adams, Mary Louise. "The manly history of a 'girls' sport': Gender, grade and the development of nineteenth-century effigy skating". International Journal of the History of Sport. 24: 872–838 – via Taylor & Francis.
5. ^ ^{a b c d} "In The Get-go...", Skating magazine, Jun 1970
6. ^ Bird, Denis L. "A Brief History of Ice and the National Ice Skating Association of Bully Britain". NISA. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
7. ^ "Figure Skating". The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2011.
8. ^ "Skaiting Club". Bristol Mirror. one Jan 1831. p. 1.
9. ^ "Ice Skating". followthebrownsigns.com. Archived from the original on 28 Oct 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
10. ^ "British News". The Atlas. thirteen February 1841. p. v.
11. ^ Goodman, Neville; Goodman, Albert (1882). Handbook of Fen Skating. London: Longmans, Green and Co. OL 25422698M. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
12. ^ Greiff, James. "History of Water ice Skating". Scholastic Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
13. ^ ^{a b} Cycling, 19 January 1895, p 19.
14. ^ "The History of Long Track Speed Skating". NISA. xviii July 2014. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014.
15. ^ DL Bird 1979 Our Skating Heritage. London.
16. ^ Hines, p.75
17. ^ Chang, Kenneth (21 February 2006). "Explaining Ice: The Answers Are Slippery". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008.
18. ^ Somorjai, G.A. (10 June 1997). "Molecular surface structure of water ice(0001): dynamical low-energy electron diffraction, full-energy calculations and molecular dynamics simulations". Surface Scientific discipline. 381 (two–3): 190–210. Bibcode:1997SurSc.381..190M. doi:10.1016/S0039-6028(97)00090-3. About studies so far were performed at temperatures well above 240 K (−33 °C) and report the presence of a liquid or quasiliquid layer on ice. Those studies that went beneath this temperature do not advise a liquid-similar layer.
19. ^ Roth, Mark (23 December 2012). "Pitt physics professor explains the science of skating beyond the water ice". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. It used to be idea ... that the reason skaters can glide gracefully across the ice is considering the force per unit area they exert on the precipitous blades creates a thin layer of liquid on meridian of the ice... More recent research has shown, though, that this holding isn't why skaters tin can slide on the ice... It turns out that at the very surface of the ice, water molecules exist in a country somewhere between a pure liquid and a pure solid. It'due south not exactly water – but it's like water. The atoms in this layer are 100,000 times more mobile than the atoms [deeper] in the ice, but they're nonetheless 25 times less mobile than atoms in water. So information technology's similar proto-water, and that'south what we're actually skimming on.
20. ^ "Slippery All the Time". Exploratorium. Archived from the original on xix July 2012. Professor Somorjai's findings indicate that ice itself is slippery. Y'all don't demand to melt the ice to skate on it, or need a layer of h2o every bit a lubricant to aid slide along the ice... the "quasi-fluid" or "water-like" layer exists on the surface of the ice and may be thicker or thinner depending on temperature. At most 250 degrees below zero Fahrenheit (−157 °C), the ice has a slippery layer one molecule thick. As the water ice is warmed, the number of these slippery layers increases.
21. ^ Science News Staff (9 December 1996). "Getting a Grip on Ice". Science NOW.
22. ^ Rosenberg, Robert (December 2005). "Why is ice glace?" (PDF). Physics Today. 58 (12): l–54. Bibcode:2005PhT....58l..50R. doi:ten.1063/1.2169444. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
23. ^ Lozowski, E.P.; Szilder, K. (June 2013). "Derivation and new analysis of a hydrodynamic model of speed skate ice friction". Int. Journ. Of Offshore and Polar Engineering. 23: 104.
24. ^ Le Berre, Thou.; Pomeau, Y. (October 2015). "Theory of ice-skating". International Journal of Not-Linear Mechanics. 75: 77–86. doi:10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2015.02.004.
25. ^ ^{a b} van Leeuwen, J.Chiliad.J. (23 Dec 2017). "Skating on slippery ice". SciPost Physics. 03 (vi): 043. arXiv:1706.08278. doi:10.21468/SciPostPhys.3.6.042.
26. ^ Oosterkamp, T.H.; Boudewijn, T.; van Leeuwen, J.M.J. (12 February 2019). "Skating on slippery water ice". Europhysics News. 50: 28–32. doi:10.1051/epn/2019104.
27. ^ de Koning, J.J.; de Groot, Yard.; van Ingen Schenau, G.J. (June 1992). "Water ice friction during speed skating". Periodical of Biomechanics. 25 (6): 565–571. doi:10.1016/0021-9290(92)90099-m. PMID 1517252.
28. ^ "Earth Barrel Jumping Championships 1958". British Pathé. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2015.

External links [edit]

Await up ice skating in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Ice skating at Curlie
• Skating and Science (a bibliography)
• "Skating". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_skating

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